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Introduction to the jungle
In this brief introduction, we will discuss the location of tropical forests, some main features structural, flora and fauna, the effects on climate and human use.
1) Main parts of the Rainforest
In the broadest sense, we can find rain forests of Ecuador between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn Worldwide, Asia, Africa, Central and Latin America South Australia and the Pacific Islands. Essentially in the continents of America, are divided into the following countries: Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guyana French Guyana, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela. The Amazon region is the largest area more than half of the global area of tropical forests. In the tropical forest Africa is in the following countries: Congo, Congo, Central African Republic Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon, Nigeria, Madagascar, etc. but the forest is mainly found in African Congo Basin. Covering an area of tropical forests third of the world. In Asia and found the rainforest in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and parts of India.
2) Tropical forests
Rainforests are forests characterized by heavy rainfall, with minimum setting definitions of normal annual rainfall between 1750-2000 mm. The monsoon trough, alternately known as the intertropical convergence zone plays an important role in the creation of the Earth's rainforests. Approximately 40-75% of all species habitats in the world are native to the jungle. For example, 90% insect species on earth are there. It has been estimated several million species of plants, insects and microorganisms are still unknown. Tropical forests have been called the "jewels of the Earth" and "the world's largest pharmacy, with more than a quarter of natural medicines discovered there. Jungle are also responsible for 28% of total oxygen of the planet, often misunderstood as the production of oxygen through photosynthesis processing carbon dioxide and carbon storage through biosequestration. The understory of a rainforest is restricted in many areas by the lack of light at ground level. Therefore, it is possible to walk through the woods. If the foliage is destroyed or thinned, the basement is quickly colonized by a dense tangle of vines, shrubs and small trees called a jungle. There are several types of rainforest, but perhaps most important are the temperate rainforest rainforesttand tropical. In this article present only the jungle.
3) Structure rainforest
A tropical forest is generally divided into four main layers, each with different plants and animals adapted to life in this particular field: the emergence, canopy, sub-soil layers of the forest.
layer Emergent
The emergent layer contains a small number of very large trees that grow so-called emerging above the general canopy reaching heights of 45-55 m, even though some species grow to 70-80 m tall. Must be able to withstand hot temperatures and strong winds in some areas. Eagles, bats and butterflies, monkeys inhabit this layer.
canopy
The pavilion contains most of the larger trees, typically 30-45 m in height. The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the canopy of forest cover, more or less continuous canopy formed by treetops adjacent. The flag, according to some estimates, is home to 50 percent of all plant species, suggesting that perhaps half of all life on earth can found there. join epiphytes trunks and branches, and obtaining water and minerals from rain and debris that accumulate on the support of the plant. The fauna is similar to that in the emergent layer, but different. A quarter of all insect species are believed to exist in the rainforest canopy.
Scientists have suspected wealth long-canopy habitat, but only recently have developed practical methods of exploration. In 1917, naturalist William Beebe said that "another continent of life remains to be discovered, not on Earth, but 100-200 feet up over thousands of square kilometers." exploration true of this habitat only began in the 1980s, when scientists have developed methods to reach the cup, as strings of fire on trees using crossbows. Exploring the cover is still in its infancy, but other methods include the use of aircraft and floating on the highest branches and cranes road construction and planted on the forest floor. The Science of access to forest cover using aircraft, aerial platforms or the like, is called dendronautics.
understory layer
The understory layer lies between the cover and forest floor. The sub-soil (or plant) is home to a number of Birds, monkeys, snakes, lizards, and predators such as jaguars, boa constrictors, and leopards. The leaves are much more important at this level. insect life is also abundant. Many young plants growing in the canopy level are present in the understory. Only about 5 percent of the sunlight that shines in the rain arrives the understory. This layer can also be called a shrub layer, although the shrub layer may also be considered as a separate layer.
Forest Floor
This is an area little studied a lot – perhaps less glamorous than some other diapers. The forest floor, the bottom layer again, receives only two percent of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region. Away from riverbanks, swamps and clearings where dense undergrowth, soil the wood is relatively free of vegetation due to low sunlight penetration. It also contains decaying plant and animal material, which disappears decay rapidly due to the rapid promotion of HHC. Many forms of fungi grow here which help decay the animal and vegetable waste.
As an example of the incredible diversity of fungi, we have a recent update of Bolivia. In an expedition in 2007, one researcher has discovered more than 276 different Fungi in the jungle: "There Ganoderma lucidum, reishi mushrooms, medicinal LingQ, 3 or 4 species of oyster mushrooms, more and more in the palm or tropical wood more than 20 collections of fruiting bodies of fungi in wood rot and brown rot that break down slowly tropical hardwood trees and a large variety of fungi Marasmius, a genre not much in the north, two species of fungus, two fungi appear to be unique Amanita, Cortinarius number, six collections of Cordyceps, a group of fungi kill insects, 3 Auricularia (tree ear) species, three species of Cotylidia, a tropical fungus cartiliginous more than a dozen species of Lepiota, Oudmansellias 3, 5 or 6 Agaricus, with incredible bluegill, two species of fungi cultivated by termites or ants, one of which produces large edible fruits, Volvariella one in a fig tree, a crowd of relatives Xylaria fungi, some with white heads duck, other branches like a son of spikes, others long and muscular, short and cork, two adorable red mushroom type Cokeina Cup, a dozen other species that were members of the genera known in North America, two very different coral mushrooms at least one fungal species that shows the bioluminescence, and probably 40 or 50 species of fungi that were new to me. Physical signs are still Bolivia in the National Herbarium of reference. "
4) The flora and fauna
. More than half the world's plant and animal species found in the jungle. Forests tropical support a wide range of wildlife, including mammals, reptiles, birds and invertebrates. Mammals may include primates, cats and other families. Reptiles include snakes, turtles, chameleons and other families while birds, such as families and Vanga Cuculidae. Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in tropical forests. Fungi are also very common in the forest areas as they can feed on the decaying remains of plant and animal life – see above quote on Bolivia. These species are rapidly disappearing due to deforestation, loss of habitat, and release into the atmosphere Biochemistry. Here are some concrete examples Geographic animal communities. In the example of Amazon we can find monkeys, spiders, Golden Lion Tamarins sloths, giant otters, toucans, parrots, dolphins pink river, electric eels, piranhas, alligators, black, Anaconda, Jaguar, and Poison Arrow Frogs to name some of the best known species.
In Congo, we find the chimpanzees, western lowland gorillas Okapi, forest elephants, Bonobo, Bongo, Warthogs etc., perhaps the most famous residents of the forest in Asia are the orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) and long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Also in Borneo banteng (Bos javanicus), a species of wild ox, the Sumatran rhino serious danger of extinction (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), which is smaller in size than the continent's elephants, Sambar deer (unicolor elaphus), the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) and the Bear (Helarctos malayanus). Two examples of geographical case studies:
Case Study on Biological Diversity One – The Amazon
humid tropical forest biomes are tropical forests rich in species and the Americas species always richer than the rain forests of Africa and Asia. As the largest expanse of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazon rain forest unparalleled biodiversity. One in ten known species in the world live in the jungle Amazon. This constitutes the largest collection of live plants and animal species in the world. The region has about 2.5 million species of insects, tens of thousands of plants, and about 2,000 birds and animals. According to one estimate so far, at least 40,000 plant species, 3,000 fish, 1294 birds, 427 mammals 428 amphibian and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five of all birds in the world live in the jungles of the Amazon.
Scientists have been reported between 96 660 and 128 843 invertebrate species in Brazil. The diversity of plant species is the highest on earth with some experts estimate that one square kilometer may contain over 75,000 types of trees and 150,000 species of higher plants. A square kilometers of rainforest can contain about 90 790 tons of living plants. The biomass is estimated at an average of 47 ± at356 tons ha-1. [To date, an estimated 438 000 plant species of economic and social impacts have been recorded in the region and many others remain to be discovered or cataloged. The green leaves of plants and trees in the forest varies from about 25% due to seasonal changes. The leaf growth during the dry season, when the sun is at its maximum, and then subjected to the abscission of the rainy season storms. These changes provide a carbon balance between photosynthesis and respiration.
Case study on biodiversity Two - Borneo
Borneo's forests are a biological variety. According to WWF, the island is estimated at least 222 species of mammals (of which 44 are endemic), 420 resident birds (37 endemic), 100 amphibians, 394 fish (19 endemic), and 15,000 plants (6,000 endemic) - more than 400 have been discovered in the polls since 1994. In as new species are discovered in this case: the discovery of new species of birds in Borneo in 2009 walking along a glass bridge, 250 meters from the high set-up for tourists, Richard Webster has discovered a bird that does not recognize the power of mistletoe berries. Took pictures of the person and then share with Dr. David Edwards, an ornithologist at the University of Leeds, who has studied birds in the region three years. After consulting with several museums, they realized that nobody had ever seen such a bird. "This discovery shows once again how little knowledge about the diversity of life on our planet, "said Jean-Christophe Vié, Deputy Director, Species Programme of IUCN, said." 2010 is the International Year of Biodiversity. It is an opportunity to increase our understanding of the nature and function, explaining its importance to the general public and most importantly take action to reduce threats to allow thousands of other discoveries such as that in the future. "The discovery was published in the latest edition (January 2010) the journal of the Oriental Bird Club BirdingASIA. The case, known only as Flowerpecker glasses, has not yet received a scientific name.
5) Effect of global climate rainforests
A natural forest emits and absorbs large amounts of carbon dioxide. Globally, long-term flows are more or less balanced, so that the forest intact would have little net impact on atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide if they have other climatic effects (in cloud formation, for example, by recycling water vapor). No forest can be considered undisturbed. induced deforestation man plays an important role in causing forests to release carbon dioxide, natural processes such as drought killing trees. Some climate models run with interactive vegetation predict a large loss of Amazonian forest by 2050 due to drought, leading to forest loss and subsequent reactions of the carbon dioxide release. We must redouble our efforts to preserve large tracts of rainforest in all locations fight it. Please see the article Dr. Simon Harding "A brief history of Earth's climate."
6) Human uses
Rainforests supply of wood and products of animal origin such as meat and hides. Rainforests also have value as tourist destinations and services to ecosystems. Many foods are of tropical forests and are most plantations in areas that were once primary forests. drugs of plant origin also commonly used for fever, fungal infections, burns, gastrointestinal problems, pain, respiratory problems and the treatment of wounds. In fact, applications human forest products are so varied and numerous, should form the basis for another article.
Dr Simon Harding
www.coberongreen.com
www.chronosconsulting.com
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